Kinetics of local anesthetic inhibition of neuronal sodium currents. pH and hydrophobicity dependence

This study assesses the importance of local anesthetic charge and hydrophobicity in determining the rates of binding to and dissociation from neuronal Na channels. Five amide-linked local anesthetics, paired either by similar pKa or hydrophobicity, were chosen for study: lidocaine, two tertiary amine lidocaine homologs, a neutral lidocaine homolog, and bupivacaine. Voltage-clamped nodes of Ranvier from the sciatic nerve of Bufo marinus were exposed to anesthetic externally, and use-dependent ("phasic") block of Na current was observed. Kinetic analysis of binding (blocking) rates was performed using a three parameter, piecewise-exponential binding model. Changes in extracellular pH (pHo) were used to assess the role of drug protonation in determining the rate of onset of, and recovery from, phasic block. For those drugs with pKa's in the range of pHo tested (6.2–10.4), the forward binding rate during a depolarizing pulse increased at higher pH, consistent with an increase in either intracellular or intramembrane concentration of drug. The rate for unbinding during depolarization was independent of pHo. The dissociation rate between pulses also increased at higher pHo. The pHo dependence of the dissociation rate was not consistent with a model in which the cation is trapped relentlessly within a closed channel. Quantitative estimates of dissociation rates show that the cationic form of lidocaine dissociates at a rate of 0.1 s-1 (at 13 degrees C); for neutral lidocaine, the dissociation rate is 7.0 s-1. Furthermore, the apparent pKa of bound local anesthetic was found to be close to the pKa in aqueous solution, but different than the pKa for "free" local anesthetic accessible to the depolarized channel