Molecular Biology Select

Protein expression can be modulated by controlling the initiation, elongation, or efficiency of translation. In this Molecular Biology Select, we first discuss two studies reporting how changes in a gene's coding sequence that do not alter the corresponding amino acid sequence nevertheless influence protein expression by altering translation efficiency. Fresh insights also come from microRNAs that repress gene expression after the initiation of translation and from the structures of two viral internal ribosomal entry sites that function in translation initiation