Clustering of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Health-Related Quality of Life among US Adults

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association of clusters of multiple cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among US adults aged 18 years or older in 2003.MethodsData from the 2003 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System were analyzed. The four HRQOL questions developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were used. The CVD risk factors included diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, obesity, and current smoking.ResultsThe adjusted odds ratios of having four or more CVD risk factors were 14.0 (95% confidence interval [CI] 12.4–16.0) for poor or fair health, 6.4 (95% CI 5.6–7.3) for 14 or more physically unhealthy days, 4.8 (95% CI 4.2–5.6) for 14 or more mentally unhealthy days, and 8.0 (95% CI6.8–9.3) for 14 or more impaired activity days compared to having none of the five risk factors. A greater number of CVD risk factors was significantly associated with an increasing likelihood of having poor or fair health (P1 < 0.0001 for linear trend, P2 < 0.0001 for quadratic trend), 14 or more physically unhealthy days (P1 < 0.0001, P2 < 0.0001), 14 or more mentally unhealthy days (P1 < 0.0001, P2 = 0.02), and 14 or more impaired activity days (P1 < 0.0001, P2 < 0.0001).ConclusionsA greater number of multiple CVD risk factors may be associated with more detrimental impairment of HRQOL. Preventing or reducing the clustering of multiple CVD risk factors to improve HRQOL is needed among adults