Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric Detection of Self-Assembly of a Crown Ether Complex Directed by π-Stacking Interactions

The self-assembly of ligand-metal-ligand sandwich complexes involving a novel quinoxaline-containing crown ether, 1, was studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Donor-acceptor π-stacking interactions between the electron-poor quinoxaline group of 1 and electron-rich benzene groups from benzo- or dibenzo-18-crown-6 were found to significantly enhance the formation of mixed-ligand sandwich complexes with a free energy gain of up to 17 kJ/mol relative to sandwich formation involving macrocycles without such aromatic functionalities. The relative intensities of the sandwich complexes were greatest with the alkali metals Na+, K+, and Rb+ as well as with the ammonium ion in equimolar concentrations with the macrocycles. The preferential formation of the mixed-ligand sandwich complexes demonstrated that donor-acceptor π-stacking interactions contribute to the assembly of molecular structures and can be monitored by ESI-MS