Membrane fouling in photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) for water and wastewater treatment: A critical review

Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs), as an efficient, low cost and environmentally friendly treatment technology, have shown a great potential to become a "zero" waste process in water/wastewater industry. At present, the main technical barrier to its commercialization is membrane fouling, which usually increases operating costs and decreases treatment efficiency.