Allograph -grapheme -graphememe (and orthographic principles in Croatian, Russian and Ukrainian)

Postojanje pojma fonem nameće potrebu za pojmom grafem, kao označitelju fonema na pismu. A s obzirom na to da nije uvijek jedno slovo jedan grafem, uvodi se pojam niži od grafema -alograf i, za rusku i ukrajinsku grafiju, pojam viši od grafema -grafemem. Na osnovi grafijskih postupaka, tj. na osnovi načina upotrebe grafema, obrazlažu se principi pravopisa hrvatskog, s jedne strane, i ruskog i ukrajinskog, s druge.The authors define grapheme, introduce the concept lower than grapheme -allograph and (for both Russian and Ukrainian graphies) as well as that above the level of grapheme -graphememe. They also distinguish the terms with formant -graph from those with formant -gram. The principles of Croatian orthography are defined as syntagmophonemic while Russian and Ukrainian orthographies are defined as paradigmophonemic using the principle of indirect defining (from the right)