IN SITUIN EX SITU OHRANJANJE NARAVNIH IZVOROV ZDRAVILNIH IN AROMATIČNIH RASTLIN v V SLOVENIJI

ln Slovenia, medicinal and aromatic plants (MAP) were identified as minor crops that could be of national interest within sight of their cultivation as well as of marketing of their alternative products. Being aware of degradation of natural ecosystems and of loosing plant biodiversity, which is essential for selection and breeding work Slovenian Fund for Nature has recently ratified the Resolution on conservation of biological diversity and permanent landscape development, with special reference of in situ conservation of MAP. National collection (Genebank) of MAP was officially recognised and supported by Slovenian government in 1995 and 1996. At present, this genebank holds 650 accessions of MAP, some of which have been evaluated chemically and/or biologically. In the frame of MAP Genebank, in situ and ex situ conservation strategy is planned to be achieved by inventarization of natural resources, their conservation in situ, by sustainable use of natural resources limited on exploitation of germplasm for ex situ genebank and by prevention of massive exploration. Because of high morphologic and chemical variability of MAP species, current horticulture technique for vegetative propagation - tissue culture has been introduced as one of genebank technologies with the aim of obtaining rapid and economical propagation method, which will ensure homogeneity of interesting accessions in future. ln globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus L) micropropagation method using shoot apices was applied, but in oregano (Origanum vulgare L.), thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.), sage (Salvia officinalis L.) and in St. John\u27s-wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) nodal segments were used for establishing of tissue culture. Sterilisation of plant material was one of the most problematic stages in micropropagation procedure because accessions of the same plant species specifically responded to the concentration of sterilisation solution as well as to the time of sterilisation.Zdravilne in aromatične rastline so v Sloveniji postale zanimive tako z vidika njihovega pridelovanja kot z vidika trženia proizvodov na njihovi osnovi. Zavedajoč se problematike degradacije ekosistemov in nevarnosti izgubljanja biološke raznovrstnosti, ki je osnova selekcijskega in žlahtniteljskega dela v prihodnosti, je Slovenski sklad za naravo nedavno ratificiral Resolucijo o trajnostnem razvoju podeželja in ohranjanju biološke raznovrstnosti v Sloveniji, v kateri je poudarjena tudi skrb za varstuo zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin in situ. V letu 1995 in 1996 je bila uradno priznana Nacionalna zbirka (genska banka) zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin, v kateri vzdržujemo okoli 650 akcesij. lzmed teh so bile nekatere kemijsko in/ali biološko ovrednotene. ln situ in ex situ strategija ohranjanja naravnih izvorov v okviru genske banke zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin je predvidena v 4 stopnjah: inventarizacija naravnih izvorov, aktivno ohranjanje, zmerna in smotma raba ter preprečevanje masovnega izkorišćanja naravnih izvorov. Da bi omogočili hitro ter ekonomično razmnoževanje in v prihodnosti pridobili klonski material zanimivih akcesij zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin, smo zaradi njihove velike variabilnosti v morfoloških in kemotaksonomskih lastnostih uvedli v okviru genske banke tehniko tkivnega razmnoževanja. Pri artičoki (Cynara scolymus L.) je bila uporabljena metoda mikropropagacije prek rastnih vršičkov, pri dobri misli (Origanum vulgare L.), materini dušici (Thymus vulgaris L.), žajblju (Salvia officinalis L.) in šentjanževki (Hypericum perforatum L.) pa nodalno segmentiranje aksilarnih poganjkov. Sterilizacija rastlinskega materiala se je izkazala za eno najtežavnejših stopenj mikropropagacije proučevanih zdravilnih in aromatičnih rastlin, saj se akcesije znotraj rastlinske vrste individualno odzivajo na jakost dezinficiensa in na čas razkuževanja