RESISTANCE OF WINTER WHEAT CULTIVARS TO PRE-HARVEST SPROUTING

U zadnjih šest godina u Hrvatskoj su najznačajniji kultivari ozime pšenice Žitarka, Marija, Sana, Ana, Demetra i Srpanjka. Kultivari Ana i Demetra spadaju u skupinu poboljšivača dok je Žitarka dobra krušna pšenica. Kultivari Marija i Srpanjka imaju nižu pekarsku kakvoću dok je Sana pogodna za biskvite. Kultivar Žitarka je otporna na osipanje te na mnoge bolesti pšenice dok Marija i Sana imaju veći urod zrna od Žitarke, ali manju otpornost na pepelnicu (Erysiphe graminis) i fusarijum (Fusarium sp). Zbog dugog razdoblja oborina tijekom žetve pšenice 1997 godine, što je neobično u Hrvatskoj, ovi kultivari pšenice su imali različito osipanje i klijanje zrna u klasu. Kod kultivara Žitarka i Srpanjka nije bilo osipanja i klijanja zrna u klasu ni nakon dvadeset dana od početka žetve. Kultivar Marija se osipala ali nije zrno klijalo u klasu, dok je kod ostalih kultivara bilo osipanja i klijanja zrna u klasu. Otpornost ovih kultivara na kljanje u klasu pokazuje broj padanja poslije kiše, koji je bio kod Žitarke 272, Srpanjke 350, Ane 71 i Demetre 92. Klijanje zrna u klasu smanjilo je pekarsku kakvoću kultivara Ane i Demetre. S obzirom da su ti najzastupljeniji kultivari pšenice u Hrvatskoj uglavnom temelj oplemenjivačkog programa Poljoprivrednog instituta Osijek, navedeni rezultati su korisni u selekciji pšenice. Novi OS kultivari ozime pšenice Super Žitarka i Barbara (Žitarka je jedan od roditelja) su rodniji od Žitarke. Oni zadržavju dobra svojstva Žitarke kao što su otpornost na polijeganje, niske zimske temperature, bolesti pšenice, osipanje, sušu, klijalje u klasu i dobru pekarsku kakvoću. Broj padanja kultivara Super Žitarka i Barbara ostao je isti i dva tjedna nakon oborina.In Croatia, in the last six years, the most important cultivars of winter wheat are Žitarka, Marija, Sana, Ana, Demetra and Srpanjka. Cultivars Ana and Demetra belong to wheat improvers and Žitarka is good bread wheat cultivar. Cultivars Marija and Srpanjka have lower bread-making quality while cultivar Sana is suitable to biscuit. Cultivar Žitarka has resistance to lodging and many wheat diseases while Marija and Sana have higher yielding capacity than Žitarka, but minor resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis) and fusarium (Fusarium sp). By reason of long rain period in 1997 wheat harvest, what is unusually in Croatia, these cultivars had different shattering and sprout damage grain in spike. At cultivars Žitarka and Srpanjka had no shattering and sprout damage grain in spike even after twenty days from beginning harvest. Cultivar Marija had shattering but not sprout damage, while at other cultivars were established shattering and sprout damage grain in spike. Resistance on sprout damage grain in spike of this cultivars showed Falling number after rainfall that ranged for Žitarka 272, Srpanjka 350, Ana 71 and Demetra 92. Sprout damage grain in spike decreased breadmaking quality of cultivar Ana and Demetra. Considering that these the most grown wheat cultivars in Croatia were basis of breeding program at Agricultural Institute Osijek, these results have been useful for wheat selection. New OS winter wheat cultivars Super Žitarka and Barbara (Žitarka is one of the parents) have higher yielding capacity than Žitarka. They retained good properties of Žitarka such as resistance to lodging, low winter temperatures, wheat diseases, shattering, rainless, sprout damage grain in spike and good breadmaking quality. The Falling number of cultivar Super Žitarka and Barbara were not change two weeks after rainfall