Serum small-dense LDL abnormalities in chronic renal disease patients

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the principal cause of mortality in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Dyslipoproteinaemia is a common metabolic derangement in CKD and a traditional risk factor for CVD. This study investigates serum lipoprotein, especially small-dense lowdensity lipoprotein (sd-LDL), abnormalities in CKD patients. A total of 131 CKD patients (age: 59±12 years, male=64) diagnosed according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes, 2004 (KDIGO) and 121 ageand gender-matched control subjects (age: 58±6 years, male=62) were recruited from Hong Kong and Macau. Serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), highdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and direct LDL-C were assayed enzymatically. In addition, sd-LDL, together with very low density and intermediate-density lipoproteins (VLDL and IDL) were measured by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. Compared to controls, CKD patients showed significantly decreased TC, LDL-C, normal-size LDL and HDL-C with increased TG, VLDL, IDL and sd-LDL (all P<0.01). The increased sd-LDL and decreased normal-size LDL fractions resulted in a significantly elevated sd-LDL:LDL ratio in CKD (P