Now a bone, then calcite

Critical transformation and degradation of skeletal tissues most frequently affect their organic componentswhile the mineral component of bones and fossils comprises one of the most stable mineral groups on Earth: the apatites. The case we present here relates to fossil bones from palaeolake-shores whose shapes are preserved within the sediment itself, but which disintegrate into a chalky, disaggregated substance at the slightest touch or breath. The rarity of bone apatite transformation into calcite is due to the extreme insolubility and stability of bone mineral, which is highly tolerant of ionic substitutions and inclusions without changing its basic mineral nature and composition. Observation of this chalky substance under high magnifications reveals a delicate structure of microcrystals. These crystals enclose microtunnels and grooves identical in shape and size to the characteristic bone bioerosion caused by aquatic microorganisms. This microtunnelling preservation allows us to confirm that disaggregate calcite crystals replaced areas where once there had been bone. Furthermore, the bone-chalky material transformation had to occur when microorganisms were still in the interior of these tunnels; otherwise, the delicate empty microtunnels observed today would have collapsed. Two calcareous palaeo-lakeshore sites show identical phenomenon. Detailed taphonomic, environmental and chemical studies indicate that the transformation process was initiated by microorganisms arising from a combination of their metabolism and the alkaline environment they inhabited that caused a local and sudden increase in local acidity. This chalky material is referred to as biogenic, in contrast to environmental calcite deposits (geodes and calcite infilling bone fissures) that formed in the lake conditions. The calcium carbonate phase of both biological and environmental origin in these two palaeolakes is aragonite,which forms under restricted situations of aridity andwarming, andmay provide a precise indication of environmental conditions when these sites formed. Similar situations may occur today in arid areas.Excavations at Cerro de la Garita, fossil preparation, and later palaeontological research, were made possible through the support of the Departamento de Educación, Universidad, Cultura y Deporte, Dirección General de Patrimonio Cultural (projects 022/97, 133/98, 142/99 and 197/00) and Departamento de Ciencia, Tecnología y Universidad (Grupo de Investigación Consolidado E-62) (both Departments of the Aragón Government, Spain), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (Secretaría de Estado de Investigación projects CGL2007-66231/CGL2010-19825), the Instituto Aragonés de Fomento and the Fundación Conjunto Paleontológico de Teruel-Dinópolis.Peer Reviewe