A scoping review of important urinary catheter induced complications.

This study presents a scoping review of the literature on the morbidity and mortality associated with several common complications of urinary catheterization. Data gathered from the open literature were analyzed graphically to gain insights into the most important urinary catheter induced complications. The results reveal that the most significant catheter complications are severe mechanical trauma (perforation, partial urethral damage and urinary leakage), symptomatic bacterial infection, and anaphylaxis, catheter toxicity and hypersensitivity. The data analysis also revealed that the complications with the highest morbidity are all closely related to the mechanical interaction of the catheter with the urethra. This suggests that there is a strong need for urinary catheter design to be improved to minimize mechanical interaction, especially mechanical damage to the urinary tract, and to enhance patient comfort. Several urinary catheter design directions have been proposed based on tribological principles. Among the key recommendations is that catheter manufacturers develop catheter coatings which are both hydrophilic and antibacterial, and which maintain their antibacterial patency for at least 90 days