The toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are systems in which an unstable antitoxin inhibits a stable toxin. This review aims to introduce the TA system and its biological application in bacteria. For this purpose, first we describe a new classification for the TA systems based on how the antitoxin can neutralize the toxin, we then describe the functions of TA systems and finally review the application of these systems in biotechnology
Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and its antid...
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global concern and new strategies to control pathogenic ...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes are encoded widely by bacteria. The modules typically comprise a prot...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are important genetic modules composed by two elements: a toxin, that i...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an antitoxin ...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in bacteria and archaea. Although not essential for norma...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are found in nearly all prokaryotic genomes and usually consist of a pa...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin pa...
Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse identiti...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin (that targets an essentia...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that are widespread in prokaryotes. While ini...
Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitously present in bacterial genomes, are not...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin (that targets an essentia...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They e...
One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand bacterial ...
Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and its antid...
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global concern and new strategies to control pathogenic ...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes are encoded widely by bacteria. The modules typically comprise a prot...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are important genetic modules composed by two elements: a toxin, that i...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules usually composed of a toxin and an antitoxin ...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are prevalent in bacteria and archaea. Although not essential for norma...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are found in nearly all prokaryotic genomes and usually consist of a pa...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules are ubiquitous gene loci among bacteria and are comprised of a toxin pa...
Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems have received increasing attention for their diverse identiti...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin (that targets an essentia...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that are widespread in prokaryotes. While ini...
Bacterial toxin–antitoxin (TA) systems, which are ubiquitously present in bacterial genomes, are not...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic modules that encode a toxin (that targets an essentia...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements found in the majority of prokaryotes. They e...
One of the most pertinent recent outcomes of molecular microbiology efforts to understand bacterial ...
Type II Toxin–antitoxin (TA) modules are bacterial operons that encode a toxic protein and its antid...
Antibiotic-resistant bacteria have become a global concern and new strategies to control pathogenic ...
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) cassettes are encoded widely by bacteria. The modules typically comprise a prot...
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