Chemical and biochemical sensors. 2. Applications

Different sensor types using chemical and biochemical principles are described. The former are mainly gas sensors, the latter are applied especially to liquids. Those label-free direct detection methods are compared with applications where assays take advantage of labeled receptors. Furthermore, selected applications in the area of gas sensors are discussed, and sensors for process control, point-of-care diagnostics, environmental analytics, and food analytics are reviewed. In addition, multiplexing approaches used in microplates and microarrays are described. On account of the huge number of sensor types and the wide range of possible applications, only the most important ones are selected here