The main purpose of this study was to determine whether fiber and sheet properties can be improved by modifying the surface of ECF-bleached softwood and hardwood pulps with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The main objectives of the study were to evaluate; the effect of CMC modification and modification conditions on handsheet and fiber properties the combined effect of CMC and surfactant modification on softwood handsheet properties the effect of different drying techniques (freely/restrained) on the handsheets properties of hardwood pulp the effect of fiber morphology on CMC modification of hardwood pulp the effect of fines and beating on CMC-modified pulps Fiber properties were investigated by fiber analysis, measurement of water ...