An Agent-based Evacuation Modeling of Underground Fire Emergency

Graduation date: 2017Access restricted to the OSU Community, at author's request, from April 3, 2017 - October 3, 2017Increasingly congested surface transportation network in urban areas and growing\ud land values make underground transportation systems more attractive for highways\ud (i.e., tunnels) and metro system compared to other options [1]. An underground\ud transportation system can preserve the land above for recreational parks, commercial\ud buildings, residential homes, or other purposes while providing an efficient, cost-effective underground corridor to move people and goods by separating from the surface\ud system [1]. However, the underground transportation systems present safety and\ud operational challenges as well if incidents (e.g., fire, flood, terrorist attacks) occur.\ud Major tunnel incidents since 1995 have killed 713 people worldwide [1]. From 1999 to\ud 2001, several tunnel fires with multiple deaths occurred in Europe. For example, 39\ud people died in the fire in the Mont Blanc Tunnel between France and Italy in March\ud 1999, 12 people died in the fire in the Tauern Tunnel in Austria in May 1999, and\ud 11 people died in the fire in the Gotthard Tunnel in Switzerland in October 2001 in\ud which the temperature reached 1,000 degrees Celsius (°C) (1,832 degrees Fahrenheit\ud (°F)) within a few minutes [1]. These incidents caused significant safety concerns\ud regarding underground transportation system safety. This problem is complex for\ud multiple reasons: (1) how people will react in tunnel emergencies is unpredictable, (2)\ud fixed entrances and exits, (3) evacuation is likely to be self-initiated, (4) high-density\ud presence of pedestrians, and (5) difficult to access for first responders and emergency\ud vehicles.\ud The objective of this thesis is to present an interdisciplinary agent-based evacuation\ud modeling framework for emergencies in underground transportation systems.\ud Through this established framework, we will identify and validate the critical factors\ud which a effect life safety in underground emergency scenarios. The identification of the\ud critical factors is validated by empirical data from historic underground tunnel accidents.\ud The evacuation model is built through an agent-based platform: Anylogic.\ud Then, a multi-discipline framework is introduced to analyse and identify problems\ud related to evacuation in underground transportation systems. Finally, we study in\ud detail and simulate the effects of ticket gate type, walking speed, gender, group size,\ud pedestrian's density, and smoke on evacuation time. The research results from this\ud thesis will provide decision-making support and guidance for government decision-makers, design engineers, and agency professionals to optimize underground station\ud design. The experiment results indicate that the proposed agent-based underground\ud transportation emergency evacuation modeling framework in this thesis is effective at\ud evaluating the impacts of the identified critical factors on evacuation efficiency and\ud life safety