Energy, Innovation and Transport: The Electrification of Trams in Spain, 1896–1935

[Abstract]: The electrification of trams has been one of the most significant changes in urban transport. It led to price reductions, increased speed, better regularity, comfort and convenience and the popularisation of this means of transport. Its introduction required a new business model, characterised by massive investment, modern management and the use of more sophisticated technology. The Spanish case shows a certain delay in this process along with the importance of the foreign capital (from Belgium and backed by German electro mechanic multinationals), the little intensity of the backward looking effects, because the technological dependency, and the conquest of mobility as the main forward looking effect