Childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and the development of adolescent alcohol problems : a prospective, population-based study of Swedish twins

Children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at increased risk of problematic alcohol and other substance use in adolescence. This study used data from an ongoing, prospective, population-based twin study of Swedish children and adolescents to evaluate the extent to which the association between ADHD symptoms and alcohol problems reflects a unique source of genetic or environmental risk related to ADHD versus a broader predisposition to youth externalizing behavior. We used all available data from same-sex MZ and DZ twins on ADHD symptoms in childhood (age 9/12; N = 15,549) and alcohol problems in late adolescence (age 18; N = 2,564). Consistent with prior longitudinal studies, the phenotypic association between hyperactive/impulsive ADHD symptoms and alcohol problems was small in magnitude, whereas the association for inattentive symptoms was even weaker. Additive genetic influences explained 99.8% of the association between hyperactive/impulsive symptoms and alcohol problems. Furthermore, we found that the genetic risk specifically associated with hyperactive/impulsive symptoms was attenuated when estimated in the context of externalizing behavior liability during childhood, of which ADHD symptoms were specific expressions. In sensitivity analyses exploring hyperactivity in mid-adolescence, we found a similar pattern of genetic associations. These results are consistent with previous findings of genetically driven overlap in the etiology of ADHD and problematic alcohol use. At least some of this cooccurrence may result from a general predisposition to externalizing behaviors in youth.National Institutes of Health (NIH), MH102221, TR001107Swedish Initiative for Research on Microdata in the Social and Medical Sciences (SIMSAM)Swedish Research Council for Health Working Life & Welfare (Forte)Swedish Research CouncilSöderström-Königska FoundationEuropean Commission, 602768NIH National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), TL1TR001107, UL1TR001108NIH National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), R01MH102221Manuscrip