Ebbs and Flows of French Capitalism

This chapter discusses the origins and significance of the fact that most of the largest French firms are tied in a dense network by common board members; it defines four distinct phases in the evolution of this network in the 20th century. Their analysis qualifies classical depictions of French capitalism as State- or family-based. While the State and elite families play important roles in this story, what is more important is the existence of two statutory hierarchies: that between firms, which consistently shapes their choice of directors, and that between directors, which has always given a prominent bridging role to former civil servants