A quantitative review of pollination syndromes: do floral traits predict effective pollinators?

The idea of pollination syndromes has been largely discussed and no formal quantitative evaluation has yet been conducted across angiosperms. We present the first systematic review of pollination syndromes that quantitatively tests whether the most effective pollinators for a species can be inferred from suites of floral traits for 417 plant species. Our results support the syndrome concept, indicating that convergent floral evolution is driven by adaptation to the most effective pollinator group. The predictability of pollination syndromes is greater in pollinator-dependent species and in plants from tropical regions. Many plant species also have secondary pollinators that generally correspond to the ancestral pollinators documented in evolutionary studies. We discuss the utility and limitations of pollination syndromes and the role of secondary pollinators to understand floral ecology and evolution.Fil: Rosas Guerrero, Victor. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; México. Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero; MéxicoFil: Aguilar, Ramiro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); ArgentinaFil: Martén Rodriguez, Silvana. Instituto de Ecologia; MéxicoFil: Ashworth, Lorena. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (p); ArgentinaFil: Lopezaraiza Mikel, Martha. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; México. Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero; MéxicoFil: Bastida, Jesus. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; MéxicoFil: Quesada, Mauricio. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Centro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas; Méxic