Hybrid energy systems in mobility applications

Hybrid energy systems represent today one optimal solution for different mobility areas. This is shown in the paper by describing three applications. The first one refers to a tramway system: regenerative braking has been enhanced by introducing some stationary storage capability in correspondence of electrical feeding substations. The second one regards the design of a series-hybrid powertrain for a platform of urban buses, in which usage of alternative fuels was also considered. The third one refers on hybridization of a hydraulic skid-loader. The three applications shown that also from economical point of view the proposed solutions can be of great interest since their cost-effectiveness