Heterogeneous catalysis for the ketalisation of ethyl levulinate with 1,2-dodecanediol: Opening the way to a new class of bio-degradable surfactants

The acid-catalysed ketalisation between ethyl levulinate and two different alkyl 1,2-diols (ethylene glycol and 1,2-dodecanediol) was investigated using different acid catalysts, e.g. p-toluensolfonic acid, Amberlyst 70, zeolite H-ZSM-5, and niobium phosphate. Good activity and recyclability were achieved in the reaction with ethylene glycol catalysed by niobium phosphate. Very promising results (both in diol conversion and in selectivity towards the desired ketal) were ascertained in the reaction with the longer-chain 1,2-dodecanediol catalysed by heterogeneous catalysts. The alkaline hydrolysis of the synthetised long-chain ketal ester allowed us to obtain a new green surfactant, with surface tension values falling in the range of the commercial anionic one