In this thesis, we consider the nonlinear inverse problem of γ-spectroscopy which can be described as follows. A radioactive source randomly emits photons that interact with a detector. An acquisition system then converts each interaction into a pulse of short duration whose shape is proportional to the deposited energy. The electric shape depends on the detector and the others elements of the data acquisition system. Even though the energy deposited by a photon can not be exactly the same as the initial energy carried by the photon, for instance because of the Compton scattering, the distribution of the deposited energies is intricately linked to the gamma-ray spectra of the incoming radioactive source. The purpose of gamma- spectroscopy c...