Teaching Quantum Physics in Upper Secondary Schoolin France:‘Quanton’ Versus ‘Wave–Particle’ Duality, Two Approaches of the Problem of Reference

International audienceOne of the main problems in trying to understand quantum physics is the nature of the referent of quantum theory. This point is addressed in the official French curriculum in upper secondary school. Starting in 2012, after about 20 years of absence, quantum physics has returned to the national program. On the basis of the historical construction of quantum physics, we identify two epistemological positions with respect to this problem: The first one (close to the so-called Copenhagen school) is termed the conservative po- sition and the second one (associated with the work of Bunge and Le ́vy-Leblond) the innovative position. We then analyze French textbooks used by teachers, in order to reveal the implicit positions adopted. We conclude with the idea that highlighting these episte- mological choices can help teachers reflect upon the historical and epistemological roots of quantum physics. Such an analysis can contribute to developing and implementing ap- propriate teaching sequences for quantum physics. We explore the application of these epistemological positions to Young’s paradigmatic experiment using the double slits