n inal Cord Injury or

Bladder reinnervation duced. Clinical application and the satisfactory results of the new pro-1. Historic review of studies on neurogenic bladder Neurogenic voiding dysfunction after spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a major medical and social problem. In industrialized nations the mortality related to renal problems after SCI has significantly decreased since World War II, but the morbidity has remained significant, chiefly because of poorly controlled bladder and bowel functions [1,2]. In underdeveloped countries where medical resources are limited, no significant progress has been reported on the mortality and morbidity of SCI survivors. Another huge population with neurogenic void-ing dysfunction is children with spina bifida which effects one per thousand newborns [3]. Despite rigorous pharmacologic and surgical treatment, incontinence, urinary tract infections and upper tract deterioration remains problematic. The com-bination of pharmacological agents, surgical bladder augmentation and clean intermittent catheteriza-tion has limited success [4]. Research in restoring functional micturition has mainly focused on electrical stimulation for many decades. After the failure of initial attempts to induce voiding via electrical stimulation of the Neurosurgical procedure cedure were reviewed in details in restoring voluntary bladder control in patients with SCI or spina bifida