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The authors are to be commended for bringing empirical method-ology to the study of psychoanalysis. They do the field a great service by operationalizing psychoanalytic concepts into competing hy-potheses and examining the testable consequences of these different views of the mind. JVeiss and Sampson are correct when they say, “There is no strong tradition within psychoanalysis of deducing test-able consequences from a particular hypothesis... if psychoanalytic theory is to be tested empirically, such deductions are necessary. ” The authors rightly separate treatment from the research process and emphasize the necessity of replication. Despite the title of their book, Weiss and Sampson’s study is not only of the psychoanalytic process, but also of the much larger issue of mental functioning. They explore mental functioning, using psy-choanalytic treatment as their microscope and experimental method. Very few other studies so explicitly use psychoanalysis as a researc