Basic types of coarse-graining

Summary. We consider two basic types of coarse-graining: the Ehrenfests ’ coarse-graining and its extension to a general principle of non-equilibrium thermodynamics, and the coarse-graining based on uncertainty of dynamical models and ε-motions (orbits). Non-technical discussion of basic notions and main coarse-graining theorems are presented: the theorem about entropy overproduction for the Ehrenfests ’ coarse-graining and its generalizations, both for conservative and for dissipative systems, and the theorems about stable properties and the Smale or-der for ε-motions of general dynamical systems including structurally unstable systems. Computational kinetic models of macroscopic dynamics are considered. We construct a theoretical basis for these kinetic models using generalizations of the Ehrenfests ’ coarse-graining. General theory of reversible regularization and filtering semi-groups in kinetics is presented, both for linear and non-linear filters. We obtain explicit expressions and entropic stability conditions for filtered equations. A brief discussion of coarse-graining by rounding and by small noise is also presented.