Dynamic influences of culture on cooperation in the prisoner’s dilemma

ABSTRACT—This study tested whether priming of cultural symbols activates cultural behavioral scripts and thus the corresponding behaviors, and also whether the behaviors activated are context-specific. Specifically, to activate the cultural knowledge of Chinese-American bicultural participants, we primed them with Chinese cultural icons or American cultural icons. In the control condition, we showed them geometric figures. Then, the participants played the Prisoner’s Dilemma gamewith friends or strang-ers (the context manipulation). As expected, participants showed more cooperation toward friends when Chinese cultural knowledge was activated than when American cultural knowledge was activated. By contrast, partici-pants showed a similarly low level of cooperation toward strangers after both Chinese and American culture prim