RESEARCH ARTICLE The Interaction between Root Herbivory and Competitive Ability of Native and Invasive- Range Populations of Brassica nigra

The evolution of increased competitive ability (EICA) hypothesis predicts that escape from intense herbivore damage may enable invasive plants to evolve higher competitive ability in the invasive range. Below-ground root herbivory can have a strong impact on plant perfor-mance, and invasive plants often compete with multiple species simultaneously, but experi-mental approaches in which EICA predictions are tested with root herbivores and in a community setting are rare. Here, we used Brassica nigra plants from eight invasive- and seven native-range populations to test whether the invasive-range plants have evolved increased competitive ability when competing with Achillea millefolium and with a commu-nity (both with and without A.millefolium). Further, we tested whether competitive interac-tions depend on root herbivory on B. nigra by the specialist Delia radicum. Without the community, competition with A.millefolium reduced biomass of invasive- but not of native-range B. nigra. With the community, invasive-range B. nigra suffered less than native-range B. nigra. Although the overall effect of root herbivory was not significant, it reduced the neg-ative effect of the presence of the community. The community produced significantly less biomass when competing with B. nigra, irrespective of the range of origin, and independent of the presence of A.millefolium. Taken together, these results offer no clear support for the EICA hypothesis. While native-range B. nigra plants appear to be better in dealing with a single competitor, the invasive-range plants appear to be better in dealing with a more real-istic multi-species community. Possibly, this ability of tolerating multiple competitors simul-taneously has contributed to the invasion success of B. nigra in North America