International audienceThe relation to users and its improvement are themes that have been much studied within the realm of public action. Different ways of transforming service relations have been explored during the last 25 years and, recently, the co-design of public services is presented as the solution. One of these approaches, « public innovation through design », promises to give users a central role within the design process. Who are these users, how are they represented within this process? How to qualify the results of this process as innovations? We show, through the study of one case study, that users are mostly absent from these processes and that the focus is on situations of use. Neither are these situations of use necessarily...