DEVIANCE IN SCIENCE Towards the Criminology of Science

This paper presents and analyses various cases of deviance in science. The paper also examines those aspects of the structure and process of "doing science " which are conducive to deviance. The major conclusion is that deviance in science is badly represented by the old "bad apples " theory and that the "iceberg theory " probably describes this phenomenon more accurately, thus calling for a new criminology of science. The analysis details types of deviance in science, its scope and compares it to other forms of deviance. It is argued that Matza's control theory should be used to understand and interpret the puzzle of deviance in science. "SCIENCE " is usually associated with "seeking the truth " in a controlled, honest way. Yet, there are quite a few disturbing reports about scientists who cheat, report on non-existent observations, falsify data, or "do not let the facts interfere with their theories". Unfortunately, while the field of deviance in science is a most fascinating subject for scientific inquiry, it is also one which has been poorly researched to date. The goal of this work is to explore, in depth, the phenomenon of deviance in science so as to arrive at a better understanding of the phenomenon itself. To achieve this goal, I shall first examine some o