Sage Publications New Delhi/Thousand Oaks/London DOI: 10.1177/097185240501000102 Gendered Social Institutions and the Management of Underground Irrigation Water Resources in a Bangladeshi Village

This study examines the influences of gendered social institutions on the formational, organizational, operational and rule making processes of irrigation water user groups (WUGs) in Dharmahata, an agrarian village in northwest Bangladesh. It argues that ir-rigation management builds on and, in turn, through the interplay of class and purdah norms, reinforces existing gendered institutions in households and communities. The article shows that irrigation governance in Dharmahata is exclusively a domain of men, and in particular of rich men farmers. Gender norms constrain women from joining field-based agricultural/irrigation activities, although a few poor women are able to transgress such traditional gender norms by working on the fields. Poor women are also being mobilized for irrigation canal cleaning and maintenance operations as in-formal laborers. Despite this, they are not members of WUGs. Gender norms constrain women from their rights to irrigation institutions ’ memberships as well as their active participation in the decision making processes of WUGs. Within development literature, stakeholders ’ participation is widely considered to be an essential element in the effective, efficient and sustain-able use and management of natural resources, and a means of empower-ing local people in ways that enhance their capabilities and ensure their sustainable livelihoods. Moreover, increased participation by all mem-bers of society is expected to have a positive effect on project outcome