Stereoscopic displays for robot teleoperation and simulated driving

A three-part experiment was conducted to investigate the usefulness of two types of 3D stereoscopic displays (SDs) for simulated indirect-vision driving (with various terrains) and live robot teleoperation. Results showed that, overall, participants completed their tasks significantly faster when they used an SD in 3D mode compared to the baseline 2D/monoscopic mode. They also navigated more accurately with SDs in 3D mode. The results also showed that the system with active 3D shutter glasses appeared to be more effective in supporting faster responses and task completion times than the system using passive polarized 3D glasses. Participants ’ self-assessed “simulator sickness ” and workload after interacting with the two SD systems did not differ significantly between displays or between the 3D vs. 2D modes of operation