On the bipolarity of positive and negative affect

Is positive affect (PA) the bipolar opposite of, or is it independent of, negative affect (NA)? Previous analyses of this vexing question have generally labored under the false assumption that bipolarity predicts an invariant latent correlation between PA and NA. The predicted correlation varies with time frame, response format, and items selected to define PA and NA. The observed correlation also varies with errors inherent in measurement. When the actual predictions of a bipolar model are considered and error is taken into account, there is little evidence for independence of what were traditionally thought opposites. Bipolarity provides a parsimonious fit to existing data. Man! Thou pendulum betwixt a smile and tear. —Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage Science has repeatedly shown that things are not necessarily the way they appear. The sun does not rise in the east, a solid rock consists mainly of empty space, the continents move about, and panda bears are not bears. Science seems about to destroy yet another long-held belief. Zautra, Potter, and Reich (1997) observed that "most of u