Title: Changes in Hyporheic Exchange Flow Following Experimental Large Wood Removal in a Second Order, Low Gradient Stream, Chichagof Island, AK

Hyporheic Exchange Flow (HEF) is driven by head gradients defined by the hydro-topography of the stream surface, which is controlled by the particular geomorphology of the stream. We quantified the impact of large wood, which typically exerts a strong control on stream morphology, on HEF in a second order, low gradient (~1%), coastal Alaskan stream. Experimental removal of large wood (> 10 cm diameter) from Bambi Creek, a second order stream on Chichagof Island, AK demonstrated that the wood-forced pool-riffle morphology transitions to that of alternating pool-riffle sequences, and led to an increase in sediment stored in the reach (Smith et al., 1993). We constructed a series of five groundwater flow models (MODFLOW) spanning 16 years to examine the response of HEF, and we used particle tracking (MODPATH) to examine changes to the flow paths and residence times. Changes in the pattern of hyporheic upwelling and downwelling generally correspond to changes in the local hydro-topography over the five study periods and generally corresponded to locations of large wood removal. Reach total hyporheic exchange decreased from 0.96 to 0.87 L/s during loss of sediment storage, then increased to 1.22 L/s and again to 1.90 L/s for periods when sediment storage increase