Cohorts of US Women1–3

Background: Polyphenols are phytochemicals that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and improve glucose metabolism in animal experiments, although data from prospective epidemiologic studies examining polyphenol intakes in relation to type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk are inconsistent. Objectives: We aimed to examine urinary excretion of select flavonoid and phenolic acid metabolites, as biomarkers of intake, in relation to T2D risk. Methods: Eight polyphenol metabolites (naringenin, hesperetin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, catechin, epicatechin, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) were quantified in spot urine samples by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry among 1111 T2D case-control pairs selected from the Nurses Health Study (NHS) and NHSII. Results: Higher urinary excretion of hesperetin was associated with a lower T2D risk after multivariate adjustment: the OR comparing top vs. bottom quartiles was 0.68 (95 % CI: 0.49, 0.96), although a linear trend was lacking (P = 0.30). The othe