the bone marrow after chemotherapy in mice

CX3CR1 mediates monocyte retention in the bone marrow. Myelorestoration after chemotherapy is controlled by chemokine receptors. The chemokine receptor CCR2 controls the release of Ly6Chigh monocytes from the bone marrow and their recruitment to sites of inflammation. A second chemokine receptor, CX3CR1, is differentially expressed on monocyte subsets. We examined the role of CX3CR1 in monocyte trafficking during the recovery phase after cyclophosphamide (CP)-induced myeloablation and observed that, in the absence of CCR2, Ly6Chigh monocytes accumulated in the bone marrow and peripheral reconstitution was severely impaired compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In contrast, in the absence of CX3CR1, Ly6Chigh monocytes accumulated less rapidly in the marrow but recovered faster in the blood and were more recruited into the spleen, suggesting an opposite action between CCR2 and CX3CR1 in myelorestoration. During the recovery phase, marrowmedullar monocytes displayed lower CX3CR1 expression and reduced their adherence to coated CX3CL1. Intravital imaging of the bone marrow showed that CP treatment impacts monocyte trafficking between the parenchyma and the vasculature. Medullar monocytes in CX3CR12/2 mice and mice treated with a specific antagonist of CX3CR1 displayed increased mean velocity and displacement and a reduced arrest coefficient compared withWTmice. This study indicates that CX3CR1 reduces the motility of Ly6Chigh monocytes in the bone marrow and thereby controls their release. (Blood. 2013;122(5):674-683