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Substance abuse and drug addiction are typically characterized by intense and, at times, uncontrollable drug craving, along with compulsive drug seeking and use that take place at the expense of most other activities and persist even in the face of devastating consequences (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012a, 2012b). They represent a major public health concern that affects both individuals and society. Chronic diseases, such as cancer and HIV/AIDS, as well as drunk driving, child abuse, violence and crime, homelessness, and school- and work-related problems are all related to or impacted by substance abuse. Given the importance and the magnitude of substance-related problems, researchers across various disciplines have deployed a substantial amount of effort and resources to under-stand the causes and consequences of substance abuse and to develop effective prevention and treatment strategies. Historically, the phenomena of substance abuse and drug addiction have been approached from different perspectives, emphasizing the importance of different factors in the etiol-ogy, development, and maintenance of addictive behavior. The prominence of socioeconomic factors (Chein, Gerard, Lee, & Rosenfeld, 1964), cultural factors related to the norms associated with drug use (Lindesmith & Gagnon, 1964)