Rationalization of indigenous male circumcision as a sacred religious custom: Health beliefs of Xhosa men in South Africa

This article presents research findings based on the meaning of indigenous circumcision to Xhosa men in South Africa. In South Africa, male circumcision is a rite of passage from adolescence to adulthood. The country has experienced serious problems associated with the practice of this rite ranging from dehydration to death in the traditional “bush ” circumcision schools. A qualitative, endogenous research design that is explorative, descriptive, and contextual was undertaken using individual inter-views, focus group interviews, and community meetings discussing this ritual. A total of 25 men were interviewed. Only one question was posed throughout the research process: “How do you experience having a son who is undergoing the circumcision rite? ” The study revealed cultural circumcision as a “sacred religious practice ” with five themes, namely (a) readiness of Xhosa families to engage in the circumcision ritual, (b) the act of circumcision and preparation for manhood, (c) the importance of sym-bolic purity during the circumcision ritual, (d) celebrating acquired manhood, and (5) aspects of manhood and the rejection of clinical care. Secondary to this are health promotion recommendations made for individuals involved in this ritual