Transplanted or Uprooted? Integration Efforts of Bosnian Refugees Based Upon Gender

refugees experienced class and ethnic conflicts. While the integration mechanisms of the two host societies differed substantially, Bosnian men and women have developed quite different networks. Bosnian women in the Vienna sample devel-oped often lasting relationships with natives or other non-refugees that eventually led to permanent jobs and rather substantial networks. They integrated particu-larly into wider majority societal circles. However, even though women in Vienna developed substantial networks, clashes based on different social classes often resulted in conflicts in the women’s work environment. Bosnian women and men in New York City only rarely established similar networks with US residents and other long-term residents. Their integration occurred more along ethnic bound-aries. Bosnian men in Vienna and the Bosnian refugee population in general in New York City integrated predominantly into the newly formed Bosnian communities in those locales. KEY WORDS Bosnian refugee women ◆ class and ethnic conflict ◆ community creation ◆ discrimination ◆ ethnonationalism ◆ networks ◆ (re)settlemen