Therapeutic Discovery RSK2Ser227 at N-Terminal Kinase Domain Is a Potential Therapeutic Target for Multiple Myeloma

Multiple myeloma is an entity of cytogenetically and genetically heterogenous plasma cell neoplasms. Despite recent improvement in the treatment outcome of multiple myeloma by novel molecular-targeted chemotherapeutics,multiplemyeloma remains incurable. The identification of a therapeutic targetmolecule in which various signaling for cell-survival converge is a core component for the development of new therapeutic strategies against multiple myeloma. RSK2 is an essential mediator of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway for cell survival and proliferation. In this study, we discovered that RSK2Ser227, which is located at the N-terminal kinase domain and is one site responsible for substrate phosphorylation, is activated through phosphorylation regardless of the type of cytogenetic abnormalities or upstream molecular signaling in all 12 multiple myeloma–derived cell lines examined and 6 of 9 patient-derived CD138-positive primary myeloma cells. The chemical inhibition of RSK2Ser227 by BI-D1870 or gene knockdown of RSK2 inhibits myeloma cell proliferation through apoptosis induction, and this anti-myeloma effect was accompanied by downregu-lation of c-MYC, cyclin D, p21WAF1/CIP1, and MCL1. RSK2Ser227 inhibition resulting from BI-D1870 treatment restored lenalidomide-induced direct cytotoxicity of myeloma cells from interleukin-6–mediated cell protec-tion, showed no cross-resistance to bortezomib, and exerted additive/synergistic antiproliferative effects in conjunction with the mTOR, histone deacetylase, and BH3-mimicking BCL2/BCLXL inhibitors. These results suggest that RSK2Ser227 is a potential therapeutic target not only for newly diagnosed but also for patients with later phase multiple myeloma who are resistant or refractory to currently available anti-myeloma therapies. Mol Cancer Ther; 11(12); 1–10. 2012 AACR