Right Type Departmental Bulletin Paper

From the perspective of the Arab world, I will focus on the Arabic printing media especially in Egypt from the latter half of the nineteenth century to the first half of the twentieth century and point out how Islamic reformers like Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Muḥammad ʿAbduh and Rashīd Riḍā paid attention to modern printing media including newspapers, magazines and so on. First of all, I will focus on Sayyid Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī. When we see or hear his name, the first thing that comes to our minds is the famous political magazine al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā which he published in Paris from March to October in 1884 with his Egyptian disciple Muḥammad ʿAbduh. Al-ʿUrwa al-Wuthqā consists mainly of two components. The first is an analysis of the reason for the decline of Islamic world and the search for a method of overcoming it. This is the theoretical part. The second is an analysis of the movements of imperial powers. This second componen