A role for the human amygdala in recognizing emotional arousal from unpleasant stimuli

logical experiments have demonstrated the human amygdala’s role in recognition of certain emotions signaled by sensory stimuli, notably, fear and anger in facial expressions. We examined recognition of two emotional dimensions, arousal and valence, in a rare subject with complete, bilateral damage restricted to the amygdala. Recognition of emotional arousal was impaired for facial expressions, words, and sentences that depicted unpleasant emotions, especially in regard to fear and anger. However, recognition of emotional valence was nor-mal. The findings suggest that the amygdala plays a critical role in knowledge concerning the arousal of negative emotions, a function that may explain the impaired recognition of fear and anger in patients with bilateral amygdala damage, and one that is consistent with the amygdala’s role in processing stimuli related to threat and danger. Studies in humans provide strong evidence for neural systems that are specialized for the recognition of certain emotions. Some of the clearest evidence comes from studies of patients with damage to the amygdala, a brain structure long thought to play an important role in emotion. Bilateral amygdala damage disproportionately impairs the recognition of unpleasant emotions, especially fear, in facial expres