An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR–Cas systems
- Makarova, Kira S.
- Wolf, Yuri I.
- Alkhnbashi, Omer S.
- Costa, Fabrizio
- Shah, Shiraz A.
- Saunders, Sita J.
- Barrangou, Rodolphe
- Brouns, Stan J.J.
- Charpentier, Emmanuelle
- Haft, Daniel H.
- Horvath, Philippe
- Moineau, Sylvain
- Mojica, Francisco J.M.
- Terns, Rebecca M.
- Terns, Michael P.
- White, Malcolm F.
- Yakunin, Alexander F.
- Garrett, Roger A.
- Oost, John van der
- Backofen, Rolf
- Koonin, Eugene V.
DOIAbstract
The evolution of CRISPR–cas loci, which encode adaptive immune systems in archaea and bacteria, involves rapid changes, in particular numerous rearrangements of the locus architecture and horizontal transfer of complete loci or individual modules. These dynamics complicate straightforward phylogenetic classification, but here we present an approach combining the analysis of signature protein families and features of the architecture of cas loci that unambiguously partitions most CRISPR–cas loci into distinct classes, types and subtypes. The new classification retains the overall structure of the previous version but is expanded to now encompass two classes, five types and 16 subtypes. The relative stability of the classification suggests th...
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