Some Middle Bulgarian Loan Words in the Volga Kipchak Languages

The author has shortly surveyed the history of the widening of the term “Bulgar-Turkic phonological criteria”. The last summary of the results of research on the Bulgar-Turkic criteria and their chronological validity was made by Lajos Ligeti in his monograph on Turkic-Hungarian linguistic interrelations (1986). In the paper the author has presented several recent Middle Bulgar-Turkic loans of the Volga Kipchak dialects, following Ligeti's criteria: (1) the prothetic y-; (2) the initial š < si/sï; (3) Ancient Turkic -n ~ Chuvash -m