Modelling and optimization of Candida rugosa nanobioconjugates catalysed synthesis of methyl oleate by response surface methodology

Esters, such as methyl oleate, are functionally important compounds in many industrial sectors, mainly as components for manufacturing of emulsifiers, detergents, intermediate stabilizers and wetting agents. Acid functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (F-MWCNTs) by using a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (1:3, v:v) was employed as the matrix for the adsorption of Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) as nanobioconjugates (CRL-MWCNTs) for the production of methyl oleate. Structural information of the developed CRL-MWCNTs was confirmed using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy, which revealed a successful attachment of CRL onto the F-MWCNTs. Process parameters (reaction time, temperature and alcohol:acid molar ratio) were optimized for high percent conversion of methyl oleate. Structural analysis established that CRL was successfully attached to the surface of the F-MWCNTs. Under the optimized conditions, which were 13.87 h, 51 °C, molar ratio oleic acid:methanol (1:3.80), a high ester yield of 90.90% was attained. Also, under conditions of the shortest reaction time of 6 h, 47.07 °C and acid:methanol ratio of 1:2.54, the CRL-MWCNTs catalysed a 74.51% ester yield. Hence, we established that response surface methodology (RSM) can be a practical technique for the prediction of the conditions that favour the high yield production of methyl oleate. Under optimized conditions, the CRL-MWCNTs nanobioconjugates are potentially good and economical biocatalysts for the production of methyl oleate, as well as other types of commercially important fatty-acid methyl esters