Giving Citizens More Say in Local Government: Comparative Analyses of Change Across Europe in Times of Crisis

The authors show how institutions for citizen participation in European local government have changed from 1990 until today. Relying on data from an expert survey and focusing on the right of free access to information, the direct election of mayors, and binding local referenda, the authors discover a clear trend of democratic renewal in European local politics. However, the trend is not uniform. The authors also offer some interpretations for the pattern of change they found: Democratic reforms are the result of domestic political factors. But as diffusion theory suggests, the reforms are also externally determined by factors like coercion, learning, and imitation