Protectors of the peace: Baptist church tribunals and the construction of American religious and civil authority, 1780-1860

This dissertation argues that Baptist churches served as important legal sites in the trans-Appalachian West from the Revolutionary period to the outbreak of the Civil War. By looking at how members and non-members approached their local churches for matters of dispute resolution over time and space, it illuminates a local legal culture transforming under the pressures of legal, economic, religious, and cultural change. Legislative enactments and new understandings of the family gradually weakened churches\u27 authority over their members\u27 domestic relations. An expanding market-economy necessitating predictable and presumably neutral dispute resolution led many to decry their churches\u27 factionalist-produced decrees. Some churches refused to get involved with messy economic disputes and sanctioned members\u27 resort to state-based law. Others emerged as sites through which whites strengthened the region\u27s consolidating racial hierarchy, disproportionately focusing their disciplinary proceedings at their black brethren. Furthermore, religious dissension wrecked trans-Appalachian Baptist churches during the 1820s and 1830s, leading to a decline in disciplinary activities. Divided by doctrinal schism, some opposing church factions engaged in lengthy legal contests and opened the door for state authorities to meddle in ecclesiastical affairs. In the end, this dissertation contends that the persistence of churches\u27 law-producing operations during the post-Revolutionary period—and the practice\u27s later diminishment during the antebellum era—shaped the contours of American religious and civil authority and held repercussions for the process of separating church from state