Current hydration guidelines are erroneous: Dehydration does not impair exercise performance in the heat

Background: Laboratory studies that support the hydration guidelines of leading governing bodies have shown that dehydration to only −2% of body mass can lead to increase in body temperature and heart rate during exercise, and decrease in performance. These studies, however, have been conducted in relatively windless environments (ie, wind speed <12.9 km/h), without participants being blinded to their hydration status. Aim: To investigate the effect of blinded hydration status on cycling time-trial performance in the heat with ecologically valid facing wind speed conditions. Methods: During three experimental trials, 10 cyclists were dehydrated to −3% body mass by performing 2 h of submaximal exercise (walking and cycling) in the heat, before being reinfused with saline to replace 100%, 33% or 0% of fluid losses, leaving them 0%, −2% or −3% hypohydrated, respectively. Participants then completed a 25 km time trial in the heat (33°C, 40% relative humidity; wind speed 32 km/h) during which their starting hydration status was maintained by infusing saline at a rate equal to their sweat rate. The treatment was participant-blinded and the order was randomised. Completion time, power output, heart rate, rectal temperature and perceptual variables were measured. Results: While rectal temperature was higher beyond 17 km of the time trial in the −3% vs 0% conditions (38.9±0.3°C vs 38.6±0.3°C; p