Monogenic Diabetes: Implementation of translational genomic research towards precision medicine.

Various forms of early-onset non-autoimmune diabetes are recognized as monogenic diseases, each subtype being caused by a single highly penetrant gene defect at the individual level. Monogenic diabetes (MD) is clinically and genetically heterogeneous, including maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY), infancy-onset and neonatal diabetes mellitus, which are characterized by functional defects of insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells and hyperglycemia early in life. Depending on the genetic cause, MD differs in ages at diabetes onset, the severity of hyperglycemia, long-term diabetic complications and extra-pancreatic manifestations. In this review, we discuss the many challenges of molecular genetic diagnosis of MD in the face of a substantial genetic heterogeneity; as well as the clinical benefit and cost-effectiveness of an early genetic diagnosis as demonstrated by simulation models based on lifetime complications and treatment costs. We also discuss striking examples of proof-of-concept of genomic medicine, which enabled to remarkably improve patients' care and long-term evolution. Recent advances in genome editing and pluripotent stem-cell reprogramming technologies provide new opportunities for in vitro diabetes modelling and the discovery of novel drug targets and cell-based diabetes therapies. A review of these future directions makes the case for exciting translational research for further understanding early-onset diabetes pathophysiology