Prediction of early pregnancy outcome

Introduction: Conventional ultrasound has been used in the management of early pregnancy complications. Common clinical situations that are encountered include pregnancies of unknown location (PUL) defined as a woman with a positive pregnancy test, but when no intra or extra-uterine pregnancy is visualised on transvaginal sonography (TVS); intra-uterine pregnancies of uncertain viability (IPUV) defines as when an intrauterine gestational sac (<20mm mean diameter) is seen on ultrasonography with no visible yolk sac or embryo, or an embryo of